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The
Hard Hat Riot was a
riot which occurred on May 8,
1970, near the intersection of Wall Street and
Broad Street (Manhattan) and at
New York City Hall. The riot occurred about noon when about 200 construction workers mobilized by the
New York State AFL-CIO attacked about 1,000 high school and college students and others
protesting the
Kent State shootings, the
Cambodian Campaign and the Vietnam War. The riot lasted little more than two hours, and ended of its own accord. More than 70 people were injured, including four policemen. Six people were arrested.
Background
On May 4, 1970, four students were shot and killed at Kent State University in
Ohio while protesting the Vietnam War and the incursion into Cambodia. As a show of sympathy for the dead students,
Republican Party (United States) Mayor of New York City
John Lindsay ordered all flags at City Hall to be flown at half-mast the same day.Kifner, "4 Kent State Students Killed by Troops,"
New York Times, May 5, 1970.
The American labor movement was deeply divided over support for President of the United States
Richard Nixon's Vietnam policies. AFL-CIO President
George Meany and most labor leaders in the U.S. were vehemently
anti-communism and strongly supported American military involvement in
Southeast Asia. But by 1970,
trade union members were nearly split in their support for the war.Foner,
U.S. Labor and the Vietnam War, 1989. One of the strongest supporters of the president's war policy was
Peter J. Brennan. Brennan was president of the Building and Construction Trades Council of Greater New York, an alliance of building and construction unions in the
New York City area. He was also president of the Building and Construction Trades Council of New York, the statewide umbrella group for construction unions. Additionally, he served as the vice president of the New York City Central Labor Council and the New York State AFL-CIO, umbrella groups for all labor unions in these respective areas.McFadden, "Peter Brennan, 78, Union Head and Nixon's Labor Chief,"
New York Times, October 4, 1996.Fink,
Biographical Dictionary of American Labor, 1984. Brennan called himself a Democrat, but often supported Republicans for office. The building and construction unions were overwhelmingly blue-collar worker and male, and large majorities of these union members supported Nixon's Vietnam policy.
Shortly after the Kent State shootings, student anti-war protesters announced they would hold a rally near City Hall to memorialize the four dead students. Brennan quickly decided to organize a counter-rally of construction workers to show support for the Nixon administration.
The riot
At 7:30 a.m. on May 8, several hundred anti-war protesters (most of them high school and college students) began holding a memorial at Broad and Wall Streets for the four dead students at Kent State. By late morning, the protesters—now numbering more than a thousand—had moved to the steps of
Federal Hall, gathering in front of the statue of
George Washington which tops the steps. The protesters demanded an end to the war in Vietnam and Cambodia, the release of "
political prisoners" in the U.S., and an end to military-related research on all university campuses.Bigart, "War Foes Here Attacked By Construction Workers," New York Times, May 9, 1970.Freeman, "Hardhats: Construction Workers, Manliness, and the 1970 Pro-War Demonstrations," Journal of Social History, Summer 1993.
At five minutes to noon, about 200 construction workers converged on the student rally at Federal Hall from four directions. Nearly all the construction workers carried American flags. Their numbers may have been doubled by a number of other counter-protesters who had joined them as they marched toward Federal Hall. A thin line of New York City Police Department formed to separate the construction workers from the anti-war protesters. At first, the construction workers only pushed but did not break through the police line. After two minutes, however, the workers broke through the police line and began chasing students through the streets. The workers pursued those with the longest hair and beat several severely. Attorneys, bankers and investment analysts from nearby Wall Street investment firms tried to protect many of the students but were themselves attacked. Onlookers reported that the police stood by and did nothing.
Some of the construction workers and counter-protesters moved across City Hall Park toward New York City Hall. They mounted the steps, planted their flags at the top of the steps, then attempted to gain entrance to City Hall. Police on duty at City Hall initially barred them, but soon the mob pushed past these guards. A few workers entered the building. A postal worker rushed onto the roof of City Hall and raised the American flag there to full mast. When city workers lowered the flag back down to half-mast, a large number of construction workers stormed past the police. Deputy Mayor Richard Aurelio, fearing the building would be overrun by the mob, ordered city workers to raise the flag back to full mast.
Rioting construction workers also attacked buildings near City Hall. They ripped the
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and
Episcopal Church in the United States of America flags down from a flag pole at nearby
Trinity Church, New York. Then they stormed two buildings at nearby
Pace University, breaking windows and beating students with clubs and crowbars.
More than 70 people were injured, including four policemen. None of the injuries were severe, although most of the injured required hospital treatment. Only six people were arrested.
Aftermath
Mayor Lindsay took the blame for the lack of action by the police.
President Nixon held an emergency press conference to defuse the situation before tens of thousands of students arrived in
Washington, D.C., for a protest rally on
May 9.Perlmutter, "Head of Building Trades Unions Here Says Response Favors Friday's Action,"
New York Times, May 12, 1970.
The Hard Hat Riots were followed by a series of peaceful, police-guarded pro-war rallies in New York almost every day during May. These rallies, led by Noah Abelson, culminated in a large rally on
May 20.Bigart, "Huge City Hall Rally Backs Nixon's Indochina Policies,"
New York Times, May 21, 1970. Over 100,000 construction and other workers peacefully marched through the streets of downtown New York City. Workers in the surrounding buildings showed their support by showering the marchers with ticker tape. There is some debate as to how spontaneous these pro-war rallies were, as most laborers could not afford to miss work for weeks on end. The May 20 rally organizers (mainly the AFL-CIO) may have forced many workers to attend in order to receive their pay for the day.
On
May 26, Brennan led a delegation of 22 union leaders to meet with President Nixon at the White House and presented him with a hardhat. Nixon general counsel Charles Colson, in charge of developing a strategy to win union support for Nixon in the United States presidential election, 1972, identified Brennan as a friendly labor leader due to his role in organizing the counter-protests of May 8 and May 20.Semple, "Nixon Meets Heads Of 2 City Unions,"
New York Times, May 27, 1970. Brennan was later granted a private audience with Nixon on Labor Day.
It is generally believed that the action by construction workers was not premeditated.At least one eyewitness, however, described two men in grey suits using walkie-talkies and hand signals to direct the construction workers during the riot. See Bigart, "War Foes Here Attacked By Construction Workers,"
New York Times, May 9, 1970. However, many left-wing organizations claim that Brennan provoked the construction workers into rioting.
Brennan later organized significant labor union political support for Nixon in the 1972 election. Nixon appointed Brennan as his United States Secretary of Labor after the election as a reward for his support.Stetson, "Brennan Reports Labor Leaders Favoring Nixon Are Organizing,"
New York Times, September 9, 1972; Stetson, "200 Labor Chiefs in City Form Nixon Committee,"
New York Times, September 28, 1972; Naughton, "Construction Union Chief in New York Is Chosen to Succeed Hodgson,"
New York Times, November 30, 1972; Shabecoff, "Brennan Choice Called Political Move,"
New York Times, December 1, 1972.
See also
Notes
References
- Bigart, Homer. "Huge City Hall Rally Backs Nixon's Indochina Policies." New York Times. May 21, 1970.
- Bigart, Homer. "War Foes Here Attacked By Construction Workers." New York Times. May 9, 1970.
- Fink, Gary M., ed. Biographical Dictionary of American Labor. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1984. ISBN 0313228655
- Foner, Philip S. U.S. Labor and the Vietnam War. Paperback ed. New York: International Publishers, 1989. ISBN 0717806723
- Freeman, Joshua B. "Hardhats: Construction Workers, Manliness, and the 1970 Pro-War Demonstrations." Journal of Social History. Summer 1993.
- Kifner, John. "4 Kent State Students Killed by Troops." New York Times. May 5, 1970.
- McFadden, Robert D. "Peter Brennan, 78, Union Head and Nixon's Labor Chief." New York Times. October 4, 1996.
- Naughton, James M. "Construction Union Chief in New York Is Chosen to Succeed Hodgson." New York Times. November 30, 1972.
- Perlmutter, Emanuel. "Head of Building Trades Unions Here Says Response Favors Friday's Action." New York Times. May 12, 1970.
- Semple, Jr., Robert B. "Nixon Meets Heads Of 2 City Unions." New York Times. May 27, 1970.
- Shabecoff, Philip. "Brennan Choice Called Political Move." New York Times. December 1, 1972.
- Stetson, Damon. "Brennan Reports Labor Leaders Favoring Nixon Are Organizing." New York Times. September 9, 1972.
- Stetson, Damon. "200 Labor Chiefs in City Form Nixon Committee." New York Times. September 28, 1972.
External links
- George Mason University: Center for History & New Media site dealing with Hard Hat riot.
The
Hard Hat Riot was a
riot which occurred on
May 8,
1970, near the intersection of
Wall Street and
Broad Street (Manhattan) and at
New York City Hall. The riot occurred about noon when about 200 construction workers mobilized by the New York State AFL-CIO attacked about 1,000 high school and college students and others
protesting the Kent State shootings, the Cambodian Campaign and the Vietnam War. The riot lasted little more than two hours, and ended of its own accord. More than 70 people were injured, including four policemen. Six people were arrested.
Background
On
May 4, 1970, four students were shot and killed at Kent State University in
Ohio while protesting the Vietnam War and the incursion into Cambodia. As a show of sympathy for the dead students,
Republican Party (United States) Mayor of New York City
John Lindsay ordered all flags at City Hall to be flown at half-mast the same day.Kifner, "4 Kent State Students Killed by Troops,"
New York Times, May 5, 1970.
The American
labor movement was deeply divided over support for
President of the United States Richard Nixon's Vietnam policies.
AFL-CIO President
George Meany and most labor leaders in the U.S. were vehemently
anti-communism and strongly supported American military involvement in Southeast Asia. But by 1970,
trade union members were nearly split in their support for the war.Foner,
U.S. Labor and the Vietnam War, 1989. One of the strongest supporters of the president's war policy was
Peter J. Brennan. Brennan was president of the Building and Construction Trades Council of Greater New York, an alliance of building and construction unions in the New York City area. He was also president of the
Building and Construction Trades Council of New York, the statewide umbrella group for construction unions. Additionally, he served as the vice president of the
New York City Central Labor Council and the New York State AFL-CIO, umbrella groups for all labor unions in these respective areas.McFadden, "Peter Brennan, 78, Union Head and Nixon's Labor Chief,"
New York Times, October 4, 1996.Fink,
Biographical Dictionary of American Labor, 1984. Brennan called himself a Democrat, but often supported Republicans for office. The building and construction unions were overwhelmingly blue-collar worker and male, and large majorities of these union members supported Nixon's Vietnam policy.
Shortly after the Kent State shootings, student anti-war protesters announced they would hold a rally near City Hall to memorialize the four dead students. Brennan quickly decided to organize a counter-rally of construction workers to show support for the Nixon administration.
The riot
At 7:30 a.m. on May 8, several hundred anti-war protesters (most of them high school and college students) began holding a memorial at Broad and Wall Streets for the four dead students at Kent State. By late morning, the protesters—now numbering more than a thousand—had moved to the steps of
Federal Hall, gathering in front of the statue of
George Washington which tops the steps. The protesters demanded an end to the war in Vietnam and Cambodia, the release of "
political prisoners" in the U.S., and an end to military-related research on all university campuses.Bigart, "War Foes Here Attacked By Construction Workers," New York Times, May 9, 1970.Freeman, "Hardhats: Construction Workers, Manliness, and the 1970 Pro-War Demonstrations," Journal of Social History, Summer 1993.
At five minutes to noon, about 200 construction workers converged on the student rally at Federal Hall from four directions. Nearly all the construction workers carried American flags. Their numbers may have been doubled by a number of other counter-protesters who had joined them as they marched toward Federal Hall. A thin line of New York City Police Department formed to separate the construction workers from the anti-war protesters. At first, the construction workers only pushed but did not break through the police line. After two minutes, however, the workers broke through the police line and began chasing students through the streets. The workers pursued those with the longest hair and beat several severely. Attorneys, bankers and investment analysts from nearby Wall Street investment firms tried to protect many of the students but were themselves attacked. Onlookers reported that the police stood by and did nothing.
Some of the construction workers and counter-protesters moved across City Hall Park toward New York City Hall. They mounted the steps, planted their flags at the top of the steps, then attempted to gain entrance to City Hall. Police on duty at City Hall initially barred them, but soon the mob pushed past these guards. A few workers entered the building. A postal worker rushed onto the roof of City Hall and raised the American flag there to full mast. When city workers lowered the flag back down to half-mast, a large number of construction workers stormed past the police. Deputy Mayor Richard Aurelio, fearing the building would be overrun by the mob, ordered city workers to raise the flag back to full mast.
Rioting construction workers also attacked buildings near City Hall. They ripped the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and Episcopal Church in the United States of America flags down from a flag pole at nearby
Trinity Church, New York. Then they stormed two buildings at nearby
Pace University, breaking windows and beating students with clubs and crowbars.
More than 70 people were injured, including four policemen. None of the injuries were severe, although most of the injured required hospital treatment. Only six people were arrested.
Aftermath
Mayor Lindsay took the blame for the lack of action by the police.
President Nixon held an emergency press conference to defuse the situation before tens of thousands of students arrived in
Washington, D.C., for a protest rally on
May 9.Perlmutter, "Head of Building Trades Unions Here Says Response Favors Friday's Action,"
New York Times, May 12, 1970.
The Hard Hat Riots were followed by a series of peaceful, police-guarded pro-war rallies in New York almost every day during May. These rallies, led by Noah Abelson, culminated in a large rally on May 20.Bigart, "Huge City Hall Rally Backs Nixon's Indochina Policies,"
New York Times, May 21, 1970. Over 100,000 construction and other workers peacefully marched through the streets of downtown New York City. Workers in the surrounding buildings showed their support by showering the marchers with ticker tape. There is some debate as to how spontaneous these pro-war rallies were, as most laborers could not afford to miss work for weeks on end. The May 20 rally organizers (mainly the AFL-CIO) may have forced many workers to attend in order to receive their pay for the day.
On May 26, Brennan led a delegation of 22 union leaders to meet with President Nixon at the White House and presented him with a hardhat. Nixon
general counsel Charles Colson, in charge of developing a strategy to win union support for Nixon in the United States presidential election, 1972, identified Brennan as a friendly labor leader due to his role in organizing the counter-protests of May 8 and May 20.Semple, "Nixon Meets Heads Of 2 City Unions,"
New York Times, May 27, 1970. Brennan was later granted a private audience with Nixon on
Labor Day.
It is generally believed that the action by construction workers was not premeditated.At least one eyewitness, however, described two men in grey suits using walkie-talkies and hand signals to direct the construction workers during the riot. See Bigart, "War Foes Here Attacked By Construction Workers,"
New York Times, May 9, 1970. However, many left-wing organizations claim that Brennan provoked the construction workers into rioting.
Brennan later organized significant labor union political support for Nixon in the 1972 election. Nixon appointed Brennan as his
United States Secretary of Labor after the election as a reward for his support.Stetson, "Brennan Reports Labor Leaders Favoring Nixon Are Organizing,"
New York Times, September 9, 1972; Stetson, "200 Labor Chiefs in City Form Nixon Committee,"
New York Times, September 28, 1972; Naughton, "Construction Union Chief in New York Is Chosen to Succeed Hodgson,"
New York Times, November 30, 1972; Shabecoff, "Brennan Choice Called Political Move,"
New York Times, December 1, 1972.
See also
Notes
References
- Bigart, Homer. "Huge City Hall Rally Backs Nixon's Indochina Policies." New York Times. May 21, 1970.
- Bigart, Homer. "War Foes Here Attacked By Construction Workers." New York Times. May 9, 1970.
- Fink, Gary M., ed. Biographical Dictionary of American Labor. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1984. ISBN 0313228655
- Foner, Philip S. U.S. Labor and the Vietnam War. Paperback ed. New York: International Publishers, 1989. ISBN 0717806723
- Freeman, Joshua B. "Hardhats: Construction Workers, Manliness, and the 1970 Pro-War Demonstrations." Journal of Social History. Summer 1993.
- Kifner, John. "4 Kent State Students Killed by Troops." New York Times. May 5, 1970.
- McFadden, Robert D. "Peter Brennan, 78, Union Head and Nixon's Labor Chief." New York Times. October 4, 1996.
- Naughton, James M. "Construction Union Chief in New York Is Chosen to Succeed Hodgson." New York Times. November 30, 1972.
- Perlmutter, Emanuel. "Head of Building Trades Unions Here Says Response Favors Friday's Action." New York Times. May 12, 1970.
- Semple, Jr., Robert B. "Nixon Meets Heads Of 2 City Unions." New York Times. May 27, 1970.
- Shabecoff, Philip. "Brennan Choice Called Political Move." New York Times. December 1, 1972.
- Stetson, Damon. "Brennan Reports Labor Leaders Favoring Nixon Are Organizing." New York Times. September 9, 1972.
- Stetson, Damon. "200 Labor Chiefs in City Form Nixon Committee." New York Times. September 28, 1972.
External links
- George Mason University: Center for History & New Media site dealing with Hard Hat riot.
Hard Hat Riot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Hard Hat Riot occurred on May 8, 1970, near the intersection of Wall Street and Broad Street and at New York City Hall. The riot started about noon when about 200 construction ...
Hard Hat Riots
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the 1970 Wall Street Hard Hat Riot Look Like a Picnic
from the front page of the New York Times , May 9, 1970
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The advertising executives predict hard hats will be the must-have accessory for fans at the ... Malan makes his mark; Stevens sends Kent through; Napier the leading light; Napier runs riot
